co. EN. Where to use? Transverse or longitudinal vertical joints. RS Bitukold is a rapid setting cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. £37. Colas Limited operates throughout the UK supplying an extensive range of products to local markets from strategically located depots. Colas Leoclean Standard. Details of the supplier of the safetv data sheet 4NF UK Registered company name COLAS LIMITED Address : Wallage Lane, Rowfant, CraWey, West Sussex Telephone : +44 1342711000 info@colas. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. Colas Bitumen Colas spray is a sprayable bitumen emulsion that provides a cost effective and durable solution for protecting surfaces from water damages. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية UnknownBitukold is a cold hand applied, thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. com(IOM) Ltd - Colas. COLAS S. CE marking information – Colas Ltd 0836 Colas Ltd, Wallage Lane, Rowfant West Sussex RH10 4NF 13 C27 0836-CPR-13/F035 EN 13808 Cationic bituminous emulsion RS Bitukold C60B3/4 C65B3/4 intended to be used for surface treatment as joint sealing in road construction and road maintenance EMULSION Efflux 2 mm at 40°C - EN 12846-1. When cured Leotak forms a thin but uniform film of bitumen on the road surface which gives an adhesive bond between a bituminous overlay and an existing surface. co. On small patches, Bitukold can also be used as a tack coat, thereby saving on the need to use a separate tack coating emulsion. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. We’re part of the International Colas Group, whose world-class Research and Development facilities give clients access to innovative new. Thixotropic bitumen compound complies with BS594, part 2:1985 and BS4987, as a safe alternative to hot poured 50 pen bitumen. 94 (Inc. 8 Joints, and is suitable for jointing as required in Clause 903. The cationic formulation of RS Bitukold Spray ensures a rapid set even in cold damp conditions with an initial cure taking place within 15 minutes. EN. BITUKOLD RS Page 1 of 7 Data Sheet No. Screwfix customers rate this product 4. COLAS Contracting provide a strong range of products and services which can be used as a solution for a variety of road maintenance problems. Add to Order. . 77 £10. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. Conformities. Bitukold, RS Bitukold or RS Bitukold Spray may be used over the surface area of the. Qty. 08kg of H4 Polymer seals one linear metre of joint or a 25kg pack seals 300 linear metres of joint. Colas Bitukold (Cold Joint Paint), is a hand applied, cold thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing and protecting vertical joints, though is also heavily used in the roofing industry to seal flat roofs. On small patches, Bitukold can also be used as a tack coat, thereby saving on the need to use a separate tack coating emulsion. COLAS WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. Categories. wa@colas. 2. 50 : 108 in stock, immediate despatch Add to Basket : Surfacing Supplies Ltd - Homefield, Chew Road. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية Unknown(IOM) Ltd - Colas. H4 must be heated before use. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. RS Bitukold is a CE Marked cationic emulsion to BSEN13808:2013 C60B3/4 or C65B3/4. VAT) Bitukold is a cold hand applied, thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. Product name : BITUKOLD RS SPRAY 1. Download the Safety DatasheetColasN. 2. uk 11/H179. LtdSkip to main content. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية Unknown (IOM) Ltd - Colas. Used to spread materials such as tarmac, asphalt, gravel, concrete and other aggregates. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. We’re part of the International Colas Group, whose world-class Research and Development facilities give clients access to innovative new. 2. Data Sheet No: 4 Revision: 11/09/14 Replaces: 07/11/13 National Sales. Product Description. info@colas. EN. 2. Colas operate throughout the Isle of Ireland supplying an extensive range of products to local markets from strategically located depots. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. 886008 Pitch kegs 25kg. Uk . RS Bitukold also complies with BS 594987: Clause 6. info@colas. Colas operate throughout the Isle of Ireland supplying an extensive range of products to local markets from strategically located depots. Silicone-free surface additive for solvent-borne automotive and industrial coatings: BYKETOL-OK. CLLCN50. 50; Related Products: Quick View. EMAIL: info. Name (required) Company. <iframe src="height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe>COLAS Solutions is a specialised business that provides mircosurfacing, mineral filled polymer modified emulsion and crack sealing treatments for any road, airport or car park. 54 ex. Add to Order. EN. Colas Bitukold is a bitumen compound for painting joints in hot rolled asphalt tarmacadam. Bitukold complies with BS 594987 clause 6. Packaging. Add to Cart. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. BS 594 Part 2:1985. 95 (Ex. May cause irritation to sensitive skin. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised aqainst Cold applied joint sealant for vertical faces of bituminous materials 1. £40. RS Bitukold is a CE Marked cationic emulsion to BSEN13808:2013 C60B3/4 or C65B3/4. Data Sheet No: 93 Revision: 25/05/2017 Replaces: 18/10/2016 . Colas Bitumen Colas spray is a sprayable bitumen emulsion that provides a cost effective and durable solution for protecting surfaces from water damages. uk. £37. co. On small patches,. Reviews. In our Colas strategy, People (along with Technology and Partnerships) have been identified as one of the three pillars. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. Reviews. 94 (Inc. Full CE Marking information is available from the Colas Products website. COLASColas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. Colas Products Brochure 2021 New. Order to earn 10 FASTPoints . For small patches this product can be used as a tack coat saving the need to use a separate tack coat emulsion. RS Bitukold (rapid set cold joint paint) is an incredibly fast. 99 : No stock, delayed despatch: Notify When Available. 50 : 52 in stock, immediate despatch: Add to Basket: Quick View. It can also be used for covering score marks and for the treatment of driveways and pathways. 600ml Spray; Cold applied emulsion; Rapid setting in cold and damp conditions;. 54 £44. Bitucrete 8 Colpatch 10 Bitukold 12 RS Bitukold 13 RS Bitukold Spray 14 Colspray 15 H4 16Colas Bitucrete is a BBA approved deferred set, storage macadam for use in permanently repairing footpaths and cycle tracks (certificate 07/H128). Order 1x to earn 10 FASTPoints . <br /> Roadmaster Sprayer designed exclusively for<br /> Bitukold: Colas Bitukold is a cold hand applied, thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints, trench reinstatements, and patch repairs. EN. It is used for the protection of new joints in freshly laid asphalt or macadam. The cationic formulation of RS Bitukold ensures a. info@colas. TEL: +61 8 9367 0111. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. It can also be used as a tack coat for small patches and pot holes. 1200 x 800 TRENCH COVER / FOOTPATH BOARD. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. Colas Leotak K140 Emulsion 25 Litre: £30. Bitukold complies with BS 594987 clause 6. Product code. BITUKOLD RS Bitukold is a rapid setting, cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. EN. 01706 436 106 info@buildersbuddy. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية Unknown(IOM) Ltd - Colas. A safe substitute for hot poured 50 pen bitumen. Perfect for use on roads, bridges, etc. RS Bitukold is a rapid setting, pourable cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية UnknownColas Leocatic spray is a 60% bitumen content, cold applied cationic emulsion (commonly called 60% emulsion). We’re part of the International Colas Group, whose world-class Research and Development facilities give. EN. . 886704 Safetrack overbanding. With over 80 years in manufacturing within the bitumen emulsion market, Colas is able to draw on a vast level of experience and knowledge which is complemented by a strong focus on research and development. Rapid set even in cold damp conditions Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. The cationic formulation of RS Bitukold Spray ensures a rapid set even in cold, damp conditions, with an initial cure taking place within 15 minutes. VAT) £41. 2. PMB 40-100/50 must be heated before use. To view or add a comment, sign in See other posts by Lapwing UK. 95 (Ex. VAT. (NB if joint has to be treated in damp conditions, use COLAS RS Bitukold – a pourable, cold applied edge sealant). Application. VAT) £41. Quick view. Bitukold 15KG. Stock Code: 400130. co. CLBTK60 Colas RS Bitukold Spray - 600ml. '1. RS Bitukold has a storage life of up to six months<br /> in sealed buckets under good storage conditions. 16484 Bitukold pail 15kg M. £12. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. uk for a price now. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. Complies with BS 594987. Colas Jointgrip OB will exceed the skid resistance value of SRV 60 as required by the New Roads and Street Works Act, the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (HD 31/94), and by many County Council Highway specifications for anti-skid overbanding and reinstatement works. 3. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. Order 15kg tub now with CMT. All Colas products are manufactured in accordance with a Quality System certified to ISO9001 and are available through the Company's National Sales Office or network of local depots as well as independent stockists, details of which are available on request. Colas Products Brochure 2021 New. Bitukold complies with BS 594987 clause 6. 99 ex. colas. 886008 Pitch kegs 25kg M. We also share information about the use of our site with our social media, advertising and analytics partners, who may combine this with other information that you have provided to them or that they have collected during your use of their services. 50 : 20 in stock, immediate despatch: Add to Basket: Quick View. Leoclean. The cationic formulation of RS Bitukold ensures a rapid set even. Add to Cart. Small holes are ok with a rammer/tamper but a wacker or small vibrating roller will give a better finish on bigger areas. Single Drum. £169. Colas RS Bitukold - 15 KG 75RSBK £39. £34. 2. COlas. 22(iii) of the Specification of Highway Works. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. 5kg M. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Registered company name : COLAS LIMITED Address : Wallage Lane, Rowfant, Crawey, West Sussex 4NF UKColas Bitukold Cold Joint Paint RS 15KG (Full pallet): £26. Protect from frost or extremes of heat. 95 (Ex. Thixotropic bitumen compound complies with BS594, part 2:1985 and BS4987, as a safe alternative to hot poured 50 pen bitumen. BITUKOLD RS Bitukold is a rapid setting, cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. RS Bitukold also complies with BS 594987: Clause 6. Details of the supplier of the safetv data sheet 4NF UK Registered company name COLAS LIMITED Address : Wallage Lane, Rowfant, CraWey, West Sussex Telephone : +44 1342711000. A safe substitute for hot poured 50 pen bitumen. 77 £10. 22(iii) of the Specification of Highway Works. RS Bitukold is a CE Marked cationic emulsion to BSEN13808:2013 C60B3/4 or C65B3/4. £12. The COLAS Group is a world leader in the construction and maintenance of road, air, rail and maritime transport infrastructure. Product Code: CLBTK15 Colas Bitukold Cold Applied Bitumen Emulsion 15kg. uk. We provide both contracting and direct services to customers throughout the island of Ireland. Unit G1, Maynooth Business Campus, Maynooth, Co. ask one of the utilities asphalt crews if they'll do a homer for cash would be your best bet. Volume. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. Collier-Jefferies posted on LinkedInColas Limited Wallage Lane Rowfant Crawley West Sussex RH10 4NF Tel: 01342 711000 Fax: 01342 711199 HAPAS Certificate e-mail: info@colas. It is also ideal to use in termporary repair for a huge range of environments. Safety. Save 36% on Blue Melba 2M Barriers - Save 53% on Colas Bitukold when you buy a pallet of 36! - We'll always take great pride in offering you the. Code. 2 (iii) of the Specification of Highway Works. RS Bitukold complies with BS 594987 clause 6. Instant Access To This & Thousands Of MSDS! 100% Free Unlimited Downloads 24/7 Access. B: If joint has to be treated in damp conditions, use Colas RS Bitukold - a pourable, cold applied edge sealant. Colas Colas Bitukold Standard Bitumen Compound 15kg. 50 : 52 in stock, immediate despatch: Add to Basket : Surfacing Supplies Ltd - Homefield, Chew Road, Bristol, BS408HB Company: 13850465Colas Bitukold Standard is a high-performance, cold-applied bituminous joint sealant. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. We Stock a full range of Colas Bitumen products. Order in the next 16 hrs 38 mins 54 secs for next working day delivery! Introducing RS Bitukold Spray – the ultimate solution for sealing vertical joints! This cutting-edge, cold applied bitumen emulsion is engineered to set rapidly, delivering unparalleled performance. Orbit Rakes, Spazzles, placers and lutes are a range of specialist contractor's tools for the groundworker and tarmac contractor. Joint Sealants overlaysacpaorgUltra Crete Bitumen Cold Joint Sealer Tack Coat Black. Protect from frost or extremes of heat. uk website: HAPAS Certificate 07/H128. Application. We’re part of the International Colas Group, whose world-class Research and Development facilities give clients access to innovative new. 50 : 52 in stock, immediate despatch: Add to Basket : Surfacing Supplies Ltd - Homefield, Chew Road, Bristol, BS408HB Company: 13850465I'm a newbie and well impressed with the site. Bitukold is arguably one of the market leaders and Colas required a packaging solution that would emphasize this distinction and create the right image and positioning in the market. minimise time spent on reinstatements, Colas has put together a package of quality products for such work, enabling all the necessary materials to be obtained from just one supplier – and what’s more, a supplier with a network of depots throughout the UK. 1 2 3 VERTICAL JOINT SEALANT - COLD VERTICAL JOINT SEALANT - HOT TACKCOAT 4. People are the most important pillar with the wealth and diversity of their skills, knowledge, commitment and discretionary effort they bring to. VAT) £41. BITUKOLD RS National Sales Office, Products Division: Loushers Lane, Wilderspool, Warrington, Cheshire WA4 6RZ Tel: 01925 632616. The materials should then be pumped into the joint, or poured at temperatures. Description. Sign in; RegisterBitukold - 15 kg Tub Features. 64. Qty. BITUKOLD RS BITUKOLD 12 | | 13 Bitukold is a cold hand applied, thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. Bitukold is a cold hand applied, thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية UnknownColas Bitukold Cold Joint Paint 15KG. Bitukold is available in re-sealable 15kg buckets (36 x 15kg per pallet). £39. 77 £10. Saw cutting the edge of the joint will maximise the rate of spread. Bitukold - 15kg Tub. Spread Rate Guide. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. 4 Drums. Colas provides an extensive portfolio of products for use in the following Market Sectors: Highway Maintenance Local Authorities Surfacing Contractors. 62. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. Ross Griffiths posted images on LinkedInSafeguard your team’s hearing health with JSP ear defenders – comfortable, adjustable and made for use with safety helmets - UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. Free Delivery. Data Sheet No: 93 Revision: 25/05/2017 Replaces: 18/10/2016 . Rapid set even in cold damp conditions Colas UK is an award. Colas RS Bitukold - 15 KG;. uk. RS Bitukold is a rapid setting, pourable cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. Save 36% on Blue Melba 2M Barriers - Save 53% on Colas Bitukold when you buy a pallet of 36! - We'll always take great pride in offering you the. (NB if joint has to be treated in damp conditions, use COLAS RS Bitukold – a pourable, cold applied edge sealant). CLLCN50. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. RS Bitukold is a rapid setting, cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. RS Bitukold C60B3/4 C65B3/4 intended to be used for surface treatment as joint sealing in road construction and road maintenance . 93 Revision: 25/05/2017 Replaces: 18/10/2016 . Colas Bitukold Cold Joint Paint RS 15KG. The face of the joints should be dry with surface temperature ideally at least 12°C. RS Bitukold is a rapid setting, cold applied thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. EN. Add to Cart. This ensures the. 8 Joints, vertical face coating. Bitukold: Colas Bitukold is a cold hand applied, thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing vertical joints, trench reinstatements, and patch repairs. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية Unknowngood idea to seal the joint with a tub of colas bitukold wacker plate would do the bagged cold tar is for temporary reinstatements and does not set. Colas Bitukold (Cold Joint Paint), is a hand applied, cold thixotropic bitumen emulsion designed for sealing and. 3. Colas operates throughout the UK supplying an extensive range of products to local markets from strategically located depots. † Bitukold Standard, RS and RS Spray — a cold-applied primer for sealing vertical edges prior to installation. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. Bitukold is mainly used for the protection of new joints in freshly laid asphalt. Attention! Your ePaper is waiting for publication! By publishing your document, the content will be optimally indexed by Google via AI and sorted into the right category for over 500 million ePaper readers on YUMPU. BITUKOLD 1. The cationic formulation of RS Bitukold ensures a rapid set even in cold, damp conditions, with an initial cure taking place within 15 minutes. PMB 40-100/50. £124. We invest, design, construct, maintain and operate a wide variety of projects for the public and private sector clients. 08kg of H4 Polymer seals one linear metre of joint or a 25kg pack seals 300 linear metres of joint. 59 £32. 54 ex. It can also be used as a tack coat helping to prevent the ingress of water. £34. 2. Bitukold 15KG Tub. product. £53. 4. It is used for the protection of new joints in freshly laid asphalt or macadam. Save 36% on Blue Melba 2M Barriers - Save 53% on Colas Bitukold when you buy a pallet of 36! - We'll always take great pride in offering you the. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. Bitukold is mainly used for the protection of new joints in freshly laid asphalt or macadam. On small patches, Bitukold can also be used as a tack coat, thereby saving on the need to use a. £13. Colas UK is an award-winning business, delivering sustainable solutions for the transport infrastructure in the UK and internationally. A 16 litre SuperLift container from RPC Containers Oakham, featuring a striking new design and the use of recycled material, is helping Colas Ltd both convey its premium image and underline the company's commitment to sustainability. VAT. After use, spray briefly, with the can in an upright. I've used a cold pour compound before that I bought in a 1 litre plastic bottle from B & Q but alas they dont stock it any more!(IOM) Ltd - Colas. Order 15kg tub now with CMT. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. 22(iii) of the Specification of Highway Works. 50. Prime base surface with Colas Leotak tack coat. Hessian Sacking Frost Protection. 50 :Ross Griffiths posted images on LinkedInTo view or add a comment, sign in See other posts by Lapwing UK. EP0655484A1 EP94203400A EP94203400A EP0655484A1 EP 0655484 A1 EP0655484 A1 EP 0655484A1 EP 94203400 A EP94203400 A EP 94203400A EP 94203400 A EP94203400 A EP 94203400A EP 0655484 A1 EP0655484 A1 EP 0655484A1 Authority EP European Patent Office Prior art keywords slurry aggregate road fine aggregate coarse. For best results, use heating kettle with an indirect heating system such as hot oil. 8 Joints and is suitable for jointing as required in Clause 903. Ensure that H4 doesn't exceed 180°C and that the oil does not exceed 240°C. Colas Rapid Set Bitumen Bitukold Joint Sealer for Tarmac Aerosol 600ml. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. On small patches, Bitukold can also be used as a tack coat, thereby saving on the need to use a. 99. £37. Establishment/Section: Highways. CE marking information – Colas Ltd 0836 Colas Ltd, Wallage Lane, Rowfant West Sussex RH10 4NF 13 C27 0836-CPR-13/F035 EN 13808 Cationic bituminous emulsion RS Bitukold C60B3/4 C65B3/4 intended to be used for surface treatment as joint sealing in road construction and road maintenance EMULSION Efflux 2 mm at 40°C - EN 12846-1. RS Bitukold Spray is supplied in 60 ml aerosol cans. EN. £28. Traductions en contexte de "marché du cola" en français-anglais avec Reverso Context : La Commission a également conclu que CCSB est actuellement dominant sur le marché du cola en Grande Bretagne. . Perfect for use on roads, bridges, etc. Add to Cart. info@colas. 886011 Cold joint aerosol 750ml M. Colas Bitukold Cold Joint Paint RS 15KG. 93 Revision: 25/05/2017 Replaces: 18/10/2016. Log in to access trade discounts. Leotak is a cold applied rapid-acting 40% cationic bitumen emulsion. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised aqainst Cold applied joint sealant for vertical faces of bituminous materials 1. +44 (0) 1925 632616. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian český русский български العربية UnknownCOLAS Contracting provide a strong range of products and services which can be used as a solution for a variety of road maintenance problems. Colas Bitukold Cold Joint Paint 15KG (Full pallet) £25. Quick view. 8 Joints, vertical face coating, and is suitable forjointing as required in clause 903. Standards. Add to Cart. (IOM) Ltd - Colas. 7 – 1. In the summer, store cartons in a shaded area to avoid leakage. Quick view. 99 ex. As a. Quick view.